Rough Drafts

Episode 14: The Past, Present and Future of American and Global Wars

What does war mean in the context of the 21st century? How has 9/11 and the so-called War on Terror shaped American life? And, what do the conflicts of the future look like? 
M reflects on his brief stint at the United States Military Academy, and L shares about the military’s influence on the manosphere. They think about the role of technological innovations like drones, artificial intelligence, and robots, as well as present-day conflicts such as Russia-Ukraine, and the formidability of non-state actors in Myanmar and Hamas (18:30). They further reflect on the military’s relationship with shaping national pride and identity, tracing the shift away from the draft to a professionalized military with family ties (35:30). They conclude by asking what war will look like when it is brought against the state’s own citizens, with particular attention to the roles National Guards may play (44:00). 
Notes and Sources
*This episode was recorded in October 2024; since then, the U.S. armed forces under Pete Hegseth have banned affirmative action at service academies *
“America Isn’t Ready for the Wars of the Future,” Mark A. Milley and Eric Schmidt, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/ai-america-ready-wars-future-ukraine-israel-mark-milley-eric-schmidt?utm_medium=social
“Barack Obama doubles US troop levels for War against ISIS in Iraq” https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/nov/07/obama-doubles-us-troop-levels-iraq-isis 
Frederic Jameson, “An American Utopia: Dual Power and the Universal Army” https://archive.org/details/americanutopiadu0000jame 
“Megacities and Urban Warfare in the 21st Century: The City as Cemetery of Revolutionaries and Resources”  https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2189&context=jss
“Robot-delivered lethal explosive in Dallas police standoff was a first, experts say” https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/robot-delivered-lethal-explosive-in-dallas-police-standoff-was-a-first-experts-say 
“The U.S. Military’s Recruiting Crisis” https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2025/02/10/the-us-militarys-recruiting-crisis

Episode 13: Parasocial Relationships (w/Dimo O.)

What is a parasocial relationship, and have you ever been in one? In this episode, Luke and Maurice invite Dimo back to the pod to define and share stories about their primary social relationships (with references to One Direction, Frank Ocean, Bob Dylan and Tyler the Creator). They break down the historical evolution of parasocial relationships–mediated by different medium forms such as radio, television, and social media–as well as the various types of parasocial relationships, including fictophilia (26:00). The group also discusses the impact of parasocial relationships in the political sphere, including its impact on Zohran Mamdani’s primary victory in the New York City mayoral race. Throughout the episode they return to the affective registers of entitlement and sincerity that influence our seeking out of parasocial relationships.
 
Notes and Sources:
Arthur C. Brooks, “Parasocial Relationships Are Just Imaginary Friends for Adults” 
https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2023/04/parasocial-relationships-imaginary-connections-fans-celebrities/673645/ 
Monique Judge, “What we should leave behind: Parasocial relationships with celebrities”: 
https://andscape.com/features/snoop-dogg-trump-inauguration-parasocial-relationships/ 
National Geographic, “What are parasocial relationships doing to our brains?”
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/parasocial-relationships-social-media 
The (not so) Simple Life:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WAavEUyxMg 
Being Bobby Brown:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HS4u3896mdk 
Free Britney:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GegdKMHnxxY

Episode 12: Major Topics (w/ Major Eason)

Major Eason is a PhD student at Harvard University in the Department of Sociology who studies environmental racism and environmental justice. In a wide-ranging conversation with L+M, Major addresses attacks on DEI, the relationship between race, sport and childhood (17:00), and American car culture (31:00). They also discuss the phenomenon of Dr. Umar (42:50), Black Lives Matter Global (48:50), and grifting/black misleadership more broadly. They return to themes of narrative and perception in social movements, as well as the ritual/drama of modern political theater. 
 
Elijah Anderson, A Place on the Corner (1978):
https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo3619613.html 
Zandria Robinson, The B-Side of Blackness: https://www.thebeliever.net/the-b-side-of-blackness/
Ellen Cushing, Americans Need to Party More: https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2025/01/throw-more-parties-loneliness/681203/
 
Common, The Corner: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mnKNr2Tiq8
Monaleo, Beating Down your Block: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnMPEfV0bSA
Project Row Houses, Houston TX: https://projectrowhouses.org/

Episode 11: Great Expectations by Vinson Cunningham

In this episode, Luke and Maurice sit with Vinson Cunningham’s novel, Great Expectations (2024). The novel follows the campaign of a historic presidential campaign narrated by a young Black man who works on the campaign. The hosts reflect on their own memories of the campaign, with Maurice reflecting on having to “act” as Obama for a school performance, and Luke sharing his own school reminiscences. They put Cunningham’s text in conversation with Alexander Chee’s How to Write an Autobiographical Novel, and a documentary of the Obama campaign. Ultimately, they wonder about the impact of the campaign on contemporary political movements, returning to their themes of political hope and nihilism.
 
Note: Luke spends significant time in the episode recounting a false memory of seeing Obama on the campaign trail; the hosts have included that part rather than redacting to emphasize the overarching allure/power of the campaign on individual and collective memory. 
 
Great Expectations: A Novel by Vinson Cunningham https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/690565/great-expectations-by-vinson-cunningham/ 
“How Barack Obama Won the 2008 Presidential Election: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7EmNLpkP8s 
How to Write An Autobiographical Novel: Essays by Alexander Chee 
https://www.alexanderchee.net/autobiographical-novel 
 

Episode 10: Lavender Boy (w/ Vernon Jordan III)

In this episode, we interview Vernon Jordan III, a Philly born and bred writer, filmmaker and poet. For this episode, we read Vernon’s feature film script “Lavender Boy” which is currently in development as their feature film debut. We discuss the project and talk about their inspirations, afro-futurism and queer cinema. 
If you want more, check out Vernon's acclaimed short proof of concept film ONE MAGENTA AFTERNOON (2022), which played at 14 film festivals nationally and internationally. It's free to stream on KWELI TV. 
https://www.kweli.tv/watch/kweli/one-magenta-afternoon
 
 
 
 

Episode 9: Real Rap (w/ ZekeUltra)

In a conversation recorded after Valentine’s Day, ZekeUltra joins Rough Drafts for a conversation about music, political formation, and intellectual trajectories. 
Zeke is a musician based in Dover, Delaware. A friend of Luke’s, the two reminisce on how they met and shows performed together over the years. During the conversation Zeke reflects on his perseverance in his music journey. He talks about the influence of SoundCloud, “abstract rap” -think Earl Sweatshirt— early Chicago drill (Chief Keef’s Sosa) as well as figures such as Fela Kuti on his music. Rastafarianism and Pan-Africanism also informs the music Zeke creates.
 
His new album, Babel Tower (prod. with Shengu) dropped May 1 and is now available on all platforms. It gets a hearty recommendation from the hosts of Rough Drafts - tune in!
 
Introduction Song
“Good Company” 
https://open.spotify.com/track/3txKs9CQ2YACyKIt3WXXPw?si=luKNr_NVQ9yQpJdng-k_ow
Credit song 
“6 Speed”
https://open.spotify.com/track/019Xq9arImGSZDmgf5Hzc7?si=23W1co_NRqGbEC0qZ8PPHA

Episode 8: What is a Martial Art?

What constitutes a martial art? In this episode recorded in Nov. 2024, L and M work out their respective understandings of what a martial art is; they swap stories about their early experiences with martial arts, thinking about visual representations (in television, movies, anime, etc.) or from personal experience. They draw on historical figures such as Jack Johnson, and think with the legacies of Jet Li and Bruce Lee on Black culture. 
 
Notes and Sources:
Luke mentions a boxer from Rockford, his name is Angel Martinez.
 
Fighting In the Age of Loneliness: 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DoaUyMGPWI 
 
“How 1970’s Kung Fu Films Revolutionized Black Culture”, Snobhob: 
https://www.snobhop.com/how-1970s-kung-fu-films-revolutionized-black-culture/ 
 
Malcom X, “You Need Some Karate and Judo”: 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQCKMxC0SX4
 
Maryam Aziz, Our Fist is Black: Martial Arts, Black Arts, and Black Power in the 1960s and 1970s:
https://chinesemartialstudies.com/2016/01/21/our-fist-is-black-martial-arts-black-arts-and-black-power-in-the-1960s-and-1970s/
 
“They Punched Black: Martial Arts, Black Arts, and Sports in the Urban North and West, 1968-1979”: 
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/713680
 
Theresa Rundstedler, Jack Johnson, Rebel Sojoyner: Boxing in the Shadow of the Global Color Line: 
https://www.ucpress.edu/books/jack-johnson-rebel-sojourner/paper 
 
Why Bruce lee and kung fu films hit home with black audiences, Phil Hoad, The Guardian: 
https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/jul/18/bruce-lee-films-black-audiences

Episode 7: Movement Journalism (w/ Dimo O.)

What would it look like if there was a civil war conflict, and how would journalists cover it in the United States? In a conversation recorded November 1, 2024 L and M invite their friend Dimo Ortiz to the podcast to reflect on the film ‘Civil War’ which portrays the experiences of journalists covering a domestic conflict in the mainland United States. In a wide-ranging conversation, they reflect their respective relationships with journalism and how journalism influences their perception of the political/social moment.
 
In particular, they sit with the tension between institutions that have captured the mainstream (the corporate media conglomerate, and the social media platforms that have captured collective attention), and  “movement journalism”, which was coined by Anna Simmonton in 2017, as a term to think about journalism in service of liberation. 
 
Dimo studied journalism while at Temple University and their formative experiences came as a student journalist covering Trump’s rise in 2016. They reflect on that experience in light of the past few years which has seen heightened surveillance and police violence, some targeted at journalists covering social movements. 
 
They think critically about who is a movement journalist, sitting with the legacy of Ida B. Wells, and the Chicago Defender, and think about the contemporary role of independent media and the potentiality//pitfalls of America’s celebrity-influencer culture. What is the consequence of news becoming ‘content’ or ‘entertainment’? 
 
Notes and Sources:
This conversation includes spoilers about the movie Civil War. 
Civil War: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt17279496/ 
https://www.niemanlab.org/2025/03/fivethirtyeight-is-shutting-down-as-part-of-broader-cuts-at-abc-and-disney/ 
https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/washington-post-opinion-head-leaves-paper-section-shifts-focus-2025-02-26/ 
https://culturalpower.org/media/pdfs/CCP_doc_01_Tina_r4b.pdf

Episode 6: New Year's Eve Special 2024

In a conversation recorded on New Years Eve 2024, L and M reflect on artistic and cultural highlights of the year, their respective “ins” and “outs” for 2025, and forecast what the year/second half of the 2020s will hold. 

Episode 5: Hope and Nihilism in These Trying Times

Episode 5: Hope and Nihilism (Jan. 20)
 
L and M ask: what roles do hope and/or nihilism play in shaping political culture. In a meditative discussion held shortly after the US 2024 General Election, they reflect on how social movements and artistic expression hold potential to counter the isolation/alienation/exhaustion of the season ahead. 
 
Tressie Cottom, Daily Show https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nno64FGj8d0
WEB DuBois, Black Reconstruction in America (1935) https://cominsitu.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/w-e-b-du-bois-black-reconstruction-an-essay-toward-a-history-of-the-part-which-black-folk-played-in-the-attempt-to-reconstruct-democracy-2.pdf 
Jiirgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere
https://arditiesp.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/habermas_structural_transf_public_sphere.pdf
Ursula Le Guin, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Et9Nf-rsALk
Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (2000)
Gabriel Winant, Exit Right https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/exit-right/
Calvin Warren, Abandoning Time: Black Nihilism and the Democratic Imagination
https://amst.winter-verlag.de/article/amst/2021/1/40